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10.1007/s40820-019-0347-0 78 YangX.-X.XuX.WangM.-F.XuH.-Z.PengX.-C.HanN.et al (2022)

Preclinical and clinical applications of NAD + -modulating interventions for mitochondrial homeostasis and health benefits NAD + levels and mitochondrial homeostasis have been linked to symptoms of aging as well as other pathologies, including cancer, progressive muscle diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases

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barbarum directly promotes the conversion of muscle fiber types by activating CREB and upregulating the expression of ERR, which facilitates the transcription of its downstream genes ( MEF2 , Myh IIx ) to form type IIa muscle fibers ( MyHC I and MyHC IIa ) may be coregulated by both signaling pathways, but the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC1- pathway focuses more on indirectly supporting the formation of type IIa muscle fibers through mitochondrial synthesis and metabolic regulation, whereas the PKA-CREB pathway mainly regulates the expression of type IIa muscle fiberspecific genes directly through ERR